The process of engaging patients in making care safer should be seen through a Santa Claus lens. It can be naughty or nice, depending not on good intentions but on the specifics of the intervention.
Seeking True Empowerment
The key question is whether patients are being truly empowered or whether providers are passing the buck, placing on patients’ shoulders responsibilities that rightfully should reside elsewhere. It’s like those old Westerns where the sheriff hands rifles to a bunch of ranchers and tells them to form up a posse and ride with him after the bad guy. While it’s nice to be a valued part of the justice system, there’s a reason the local citizenry finally coughed up enough cash to pay for a real police force.
When providers ask patients to help them prevent the routine hazards of hospitalization, it’s an implicit admission of professional failure dressed up in empowerment clothing. It’s not my job as a patient or family member to make sure doctors and nurses wash their hands. It’s not my job to make sure I get the right medication. It’s not my job to make sure the room is clean.
Patients as ‘Safety Buffers’
As a 2007 article in the journal Health Expectations on patient involvement in patient safety put it: “Patients can act as ‘safety buffers’ during their care, but the responsibility for their safety must remain with the health care professionals.”
A blog post in mid-2014 from Dr. Marc-David Munk put it even more bluntly:
As much as we can argue that patient engagement with their own healthcare decisions is progress, asking patients to keep doctors honest about the most basic medical practices is less a form of patient-centered medicine than a tacit failure of physician professionalism (and to an even greater degree a failure of medical management).
I accept that being a “safety buffer” is, for now, a necessary role, but it should be a source of professional embarrassment rather than pride. Imagine your family went to a restaurant that promised a “patron-centered” dining experience. After being carefully consulted on the ingredients for each individual’s appetizer, main dish and dessert, the chef adds one last request. Could you please smell the fish, chicken and meat and take a close look at the vegetables to make sure nothing is rotten? Of course, the restaurant tries its best, but buying and preparing food is an inherently unpredictable process.
When, after 150 years to get it right, hospitals boost their hand-washing rate to 90 percent or more, patients will be a buffer. At 50 percent hand hygiene compliance, you’re asking us to put our finger in the dike while you ignore the raging ocean on the other side. Again, it may be necessary for safety, but it shouldn’t be.
Consider the Implications
In early 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an infographic for patients on healthcare-associated infections. “Be informed. Be Empowered. Be Prepared,” it proclaims. Some of the advice is legitimately empowering, some isn’t. “Ask your doctor how he/she prevents surgical site infections,” followed by “Also ask how you can prepare for surgery to reduce your infection risk” gets the roles right. But, “If you have a catheter, ask each day if it is necessary” is advice that sounds reasonable until you play out the implications a little further.
Imagine this dialogue one morning in the intensive care unit:
“Doctor, based on my 15 years as a real estate agent, I wonder whether that central line catheter providing me with nutrition and medications really needs to be in my chest today.”
“Based on my 15 years working with desperately ill patients, I thought so, but now that you mention it, let’s remove it out right now.”
I feel more empowered already.
A Matter of Professional Responsibility
There are guidelines to ensure that central lines are used appropriately. When they are followed, along with other “checklist” items related to monitoring use of those lines, bloodstream infections related to central lines drop dramatically. Fewer patients are hurt and fewer die. It is a professional responsibility of the highest order to ensure that systems and a culture are place to ensure those guidelines are followed. The same holds true for dispensing medications and hand hygiene.
By contrast, providing patients and family members the means to protect themselves in case of rare events that could seriously harm them is truly empowering. So, for instance, enabling a family member to “call a code” for a rapid response team acknowledges that even the best systems can break down and that patients can be trusted as partners in care to react appropriately. It also acknowledges that a hospital’s workplace hierarchies may cause a nurse or junior physician to hesitate where the patient’s family will not.
True Engagement is Collaboration
Enabling patients to report adverse events is engagement that’s empowering. So is having the staff seek real-time feedback from patients on possible safety issues. Establishing patient and family advisory councils to examine hospital processes through the patient’s eyes for ways to make care better is enormously empowering. True engagement is collaboration; the rest deserves a lump of coal in the stocking.
3 Comments
Thank you for this post and for your work. We are trying to engage patients in choosing individualized glycemic goals in those who have Diabetes. We’ve found that many people respond with “well, you’re the doctor…you tell me!”. Perhaps we are expecting too much in terms of shared informed decision-making? Would love to know your thoughts. Our goal is simple….get informed ourselves, share that information with patients in a way they can best understand, allow them to choose, allow them to change their choice over time, and, if they want, give our advice on “what I would do if I were you”. thank you
You bring up an excellent point, Dr. McConnell. Engaging patients in shared decision making can be difficult, even when physicians act with the best of intentions. Patient advocates need to work for better tools and acknowledge that not all patients are easy to engage.
To clarify, my post focused on safety somewhat narrowly because most harm is a result of a particular action whose intent may have been correct (whether decided by the doctor or in a shared manner) carried out incorrectly. So, for instance, a patient suffering diabetic ketoacidosis needs safe acute care. That’s a separate issue than whether a breakdown in engagement along the way led to that acute need.
Thanks for your comment.
I really enjoyed this post Michael. I have worked in health for over 35 years and consumer engagement is an area that is at the forefront of health care requirements in Australian hospitals at present. In my role it is an area that we are working solidly on and I take on board your comment regarding patients asking health professionals questions that you consider the most basic of care and agree it is about professional behaviour. Having worked in administration of hospitals for many years now it is the bain of my life, compliance on the most basic aspects of care by some health professionals, however a minority not a majority in my workforce. I am always continually looking for ways for health professionals to awaken their own accountability conscience. Sometimes it seems like it may never happen! I think that health is absolutely trying to engage patients in shared decision making and on the whole I think this is a good thing, as for a long time we have ‘told’ patients what to do. This is a culture change for all that will take some time but as you have highlighted it is important on how we do it with true empowerment for the right reasons but I am not sure how well we have prepared our patients for this empowerment. Can you comment on any overarching strategy used by health care system providers in educating patients on true collaboration/engagement/shared decision making that I could refer to? Thanks